INTRODUCTION: Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by more than 20 Leishmania species. This disease is spread by vectors. Many researchers agree that Leishmania was spread to mammals by sandflies of the genus Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. Leishmaniasis is still considered one of the most neglected diseases by the World Health Organization (WHO). An estimated 0.7-1 million new cases of leishmaniasis are reported annually from approximately 100 endemic countries. The types of leishmaniasis in humans are the visceral (VL), cutaneous (CL), mucocutaneous (MCL), diffuse cutaneous (DCL), and post kala-azar dermal (PKDL) forms of Leishmaniasis. The aim of this study is to perform phylogenetic analysis of Leishmania origin based on ITS1 gene region using in-silico techniques. In this way, it is also aimed to take a snapshot of a meta-analysis of vertical and horizontal spread at the global level.
METHODS: In this study, Leishmania ITS1 region sequences presented with the GenBank data of the National Center for Biotechnology Information, USA, (NCBI) until 15.05.2019 were taken and analyzed by in-silico techniques. 914 sequences were obtained for the Leishmania ITS1 region in the NCBI database. All sequences were examined and sequences without indel problems were selected from these strains mapped according to the consensus sequence. It was decided to form a phylogenetic tree with the forms that were examined and 65 strains were obtained by removing the sub-branches.
RESULTS: The phylogenetic tree obtained in this study showed that Leishmania strains clustered in six branches according to the ITS1 region. Here, a phylogenetic tree is drawn and the molecular epidemiological and demographic data of these six generations and beyond, which are obtained as a result of the genetic relationships between the strains, are summarized.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In conclusion, Leishmaniasis is an important public health problem that can be seen in many developing countries. In this study, the strains examined using the in-silico method were isolated from different geographies of the world between 1984 and 2018. The phylogenetic relationships between these strains show not only the vertical spread of the origins over the years, but also the horizontal spread geographically. These species were obtained from different host and tissue types. Thus, the relationships of Leishmania strains in the host-vector-reservoir chain are explained. Therefore, it is clear that there is a need for more meta-analysis studies such as this study on factors and their diffusion.

INTRODUCTION: Endometriosis is a chronic condition that affects women of reproductive age and is linked to infertility and pelvic pain. There hasn’t been a curative treatment for the condition either, only anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesic drugs, and laparoscopy. An anti-oxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) restores glutathione (GSH). N-acetylcysteine has been used to treat endometriosis both in vivo and in vitro in a small number of trials. In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that NAC lowers inflammation and ectopic endometrial development. In this study, we aimed to decrease the proliferative capacity as well as the migratory behavior of the endometriotic cells by using the IC50 level of NAC.
METHODS: HESC and 12Z human endometrial and endometriotic stromal cell lines were expansed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Impedance measurements were performed on the xCELLigence (RTCA) device to determine cellular impedance. N-acetyl cysteine was applied to the cells at doses between 10-6-10-12 M, and the IC50 for NAC was calculated. The cells were treated with IC50 NAC, and the wound healing was analyzed at 0, 24, and 48 hours. GRP78, ER tracker, and tubulin-specific immunofluorescent labelings were performed. The corrected total cell fluorescence (CTCF) was counted for each sample. The GraphPad Prism 8 program was used for statistical analysis. The Shapiro-Wilk test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and posthoc Dunn tests were done.
RESULTS: 12Z cell proliferation was decreased by 10-6-10-12 M NAC, while HESC cell proliferation was unaffected. The IC50 for 12Z cells was determined as 3.87 x 10-9 M. The wound gap width of 12Z cells treated with NAC was substantially wider at 48 hours into the migration test than that of the control. N-acetyl cysteine treated 12Z cells exhibited increased ER-tracker and GRP78 fluorescent immunolabeling, but decreased tubulin labeling. N-acetyl cysteine did not significantly alter the immunofluorescence labeling for those proteins in HESC cells.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Endometriosis is a severe, ongoing condition that primarily affects females who are fertile and is linked to infertility. Therefore, we demonstrated that application of NAC in a time-dose and impedance-dependent manner helped decrease the proliferative and migratory capacity of endometriotic cells, lowering the expression of the tubulin protein, raising ER stress, and consequently raising the level of chaperone proteins. We can say that NAC may be a possible curative or supportive medication in the treatment of endometriosis.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to determine the perspective of patients undergoing dialysis to influenza and pneumococcal vaccines and to determine the vaccination rates.
METHODS: 128 patients who were on dialysis program and accepted to participate in the study were included in the questionnaire study. Education levels, their knowledge about vaccinations, the reasons of those who did not want to be vaccinated, whether vaccines were recommended by their doctors, their perspective on the disease, and whether they had hospitalizations due to pneumonia or influenza were questioned. Hitit University licensed IBM SPSS 23.0 package program was used for data analysis. Nominal data were given as numbers and percentages, and chi-square test or Fisherexact test was used to compare them. A P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS: The median age of the patients was 54 (39-67) years, and the age distribution was between 20-90 years. 51 (39.8%) of the patients were female, 77 (60.2%) were male. 58 of 128 patients were vaccinated with influenza and 16 pneumococus. Although there was a doctor’s recommendation for 80 people for influenza vaccine, 25 people had regular influenza vaccines every year. It was only 14 people who paid attention to which year they had the vaccine. 92 of the patients had a previous flu infection and seven patients had received inpatient treatment. It was observed that most patients did not care about the disease and avoided the vaccine because they thought it would heal easily. For the pneumococcal vaccine, it was observed that pneumococcal vaccine was recommended to only 37 patients and 14 people had pneumococcal vaccine once and two people had pneumococcal vaccine twice. 13 of the patients had pneumonia, but were able to survive the disease without hospitalization.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations in patients with chronic renal failure; below the target level. More studies are needed to raise vaccination rates in patients.

INTRODUCTION: As a member of the human herpesvirus family, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) primarily replicates in lymphocytes but also may replicate in the epithelial cells of the pharynx and parotid duct. The infection is spread primarily by saliva and the incubation period is four to eight weeks. Infectious mononucleosis (IM) is a clinical syndrome caused by EBV that is particularly common in adolescents and children. Typical features of IM include fever, pharyngitis, adenopathy, malaise, and an atypical lymphocytosis. Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, jaundice, and splenic rupture can occur. The platelet mass index (PMI) is related to platelet functionality and platelet function has an effect on the inflammation cascade. This study is planned to examine the role of PMI in the pre-diagnosis of IM.
METHODS: Between the years 2010-2019, 274 patients who were tested for EBV antibodies were included in the study and the PMI values of EBV positive group was compared to EBV negative and the control group.
RESULTS: EBV positive group has lower PMI values than EBV negative and control group.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: EPMI can be easily calculated using a CBC test and can be a used as a pre-diagnostic tool for the existence of IM.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of the study was to examine the difficulties faced by nurses caring for patients with COVID-19. It was anticipated that results might provide policymakers with suggestions and support regarding the improvement of the healthcare services.
METHODS: This study used the focus-group interview method which is the one of the qualitative methods. The participants were 12 nurses who agreed to attend an interview and actively working COVID-19 unit in an education and research hospital in Ankara. 2 focus-group interviews, each lasting about one hour, were conducted. The interviews carried out using an online meeting program and were recorded in June 2020. The interviews were then transcribed and analyzed. The transcribed data from the focus-group discussions were grouped by theme and concept,and the statements of the participants were coded numerically according to these groupings. Six themes emerged in analyzing the qualitative data.
RESULTS: In the study, 16% (n: 2) of the nurses were male and 84 (n: 10) were female. The average age of the nurses was 32±8.7. In this study; 6 themes have been identified: information sources, reduction measures, healthy working environment, difficulties in the treatment and care process, feelings during the treatment and care process, and personal protective equipment.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The rapid spread of COVID-19 has forced health systems. the potential inability of intensive care unit beds and the ventilator fort the increase of the critically ill patients is well-defined in terms of Turkey. and the necessary measures were implemented quickly. However, unless there is sufficient workforce, device-equipment or infrastructure will not work in labor-intensive sectors such as healthcare. In order to cope with this crisis, ensuring the numerical adequacy of the health human resources and maximizing the ability to care for the infected patient is essential for the success of the process. Same time; Stressors such as anxiety about being patient and carrier, social isolation, staying away from home, and ethical dilemmas are challenging factors for healthcare professionals. In this context, it is important to be aware of and support health workers in this difficult process.

INTRODUCTION: The biosafety cabinet is one of the important devices used in microbiology laboratories to provide personnel, environment and product protection. For this reason, performance characterization tests should be performed both at the installation stage and routinely. There are inspection bodies established for this purpose in our country. In this study, the findings were examined based on the last three years’ data by the Sterility Control Laboratory (accredited -Inspection institution) accredited by TS EN ISO/IEC 17020 under the Ministry of Health of Türkiye, Department of Public Health Reference Laboratories of the General Directorate of Public Health.
METHODS: In this study, nonconformities in biosafety cabinets, which were inspected based on TS EN ISO 12469 “Microbiological Safety Cabinets Performance, Classification and Verification” and ANSI/NSF-49 “Biosafety Cabinet Design, Production, Performance and Field Certification” standards between 2019-2021, were investigated. Within the scope of these standards, leakage in the main filter, leakage in the exhaust filter, inlet air flow velocity, downstream air velocity measurement, air flow direction and visualization tests were applied. In addition, the cabins have undergone preliminary inspection.
RESULTS: The leakage rate in the main filter is 22.9% and the leakage rate in the exhaust filter is 23.6%. The nonconformity rates due to air flow velocities and flow visualization tests were found as 19.1% for inflow airflow velocity, 15.3% for downstream airflow velocity and 19.1% for flow visualization tests.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It was observed that the most frequently observed non-compliance was leakage in the filters. In addition, it has been determined that users do not have a filter certificate. In the preliminary examination, it was determined that he was in the cabins that did not give a visual and audible alarm when the flow was blocked. Since providing a healthy working environment in microbiology laboratories is one of the main objectives, we believe that it is important to have the performance qualification tests of the biosafety cabinets done at certain intervals in terms of employee health.

INTRODUCTION: Antimicrobial resistance is a public health threat and is related to high mortality and morbidity. Because no development of new antibiotics can combat antibiotic resistance for pathogenic bacteria, the need for natural products has emerged. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an important human pathogen responsible for community- and hospital-acquired infections. The goal of this study was to identify the in vitro effects of Origanum onites, Lavandula stoechas, Salvia officinalis and Thymus vulgaris essential oils (EOs) on biofilm viability as well as the antibacterial and anti-adherent properties on clinical S. aureus isolates from wound, biopsy and abscesses samples.
METHODS: The antibacterial activities of the EOs were assessed on 71 clinical S. aureus isolates by broth microdilution to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Biofilm-forming isolates were determined, and EOs’ ability to prevent biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner was calculated. Minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) and minimum biofilm eradication (MBEC) and the number of viable bacteria in sub-inhibitory doses of EOs were calculated by BioTimer-Assay (BTA).
RESULTS: All of the tested isolates showed high sensitivity towards the Thymus vulgaris and Origanum onites; MICs ranging from below 0.039 to 0.625 μl/ml. While the highest MIC value was determined as 5 µl/ml for Salvia officinalis, it was calculated as greater than 10 µl/ml for Lavandula stoechas. Each tested oil was detected to prevent biofilm formation at a significant percentage.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The essential oils of Origanum onites and Thymus vulgaris showed bactericidal properties against clinical S. aureus isolates, including methicillin-resistant strains, which may become a promising alternative for multidrug-resistant pathogens. In addition, the number of viable bacteria in biofilm in sub-inhibitory doses of Lavandula stoechas and Salvia officinalis were found to increase when applied doses decreased.

INTRODUCTION: The role of ABCA1, one of the family of Adenosine triphosphate binding cassette (ABC) carrier proteins, is also very important in diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer, which are very important and increasing day by day. ABCA1 is an integral cell membrane protein that protects from cardiovascular disease by excretion of excess cholesterol from cells and suppression of inflammation. It is also known that abnormalities in cholesterol metabolism support the development of cancer cells. This indicates that ABCA1 is also active in cancer. Although many studies have been conducted on ABCA1, there is no comprehensive bibliometric study in the literature on the subject. In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the subject by examining the scientific articles published about ABCA1.
METHODS: Studies published between 1975-2022 on ABCA1 were scanned from the Web of Science (WoS) database and analyzed using bibliometric methods. In addition, VOSviewer program was used to perform bibliometric analysis and visualize the obtained metadata.
RESULTS: Studies on ABCA1 started in 1993 and increased after 2000. The language used in 99.2% (n=5694) of the articles is English. The most studies on ABCA1 were done in the field of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (n=1708, 29.4%). The United States (n=2029, 35.3%), China (n= 1198, 20.9%), Canada (n=517, 9.0%), and Japan (n=514, 9.0%) were ranked as the countries where more than 500 articles were published. Turkey, on the other hand, ranked 29th with 32 articles. 427 of the articles were cited at least 100 times.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In this comprehensive bibliometric study on ABCA1, a summary of 5743 articles was presented. In addition to contributing to the literature in the evaluation of research on ABCA1, this article can be shown as a resource to direct the researches to be done or to advance the researches.

INTRODUCTION: Repeat breeder, which is one of the reproductive system disorders seen in cattle, is defined as the inability to conceive with three or more matings with true heat, is seen to be a breeding problem that causes serious economic losses all over the world with a decrease in reproductive efficiency and therefore a decrease in milk production. The aim of this study is to identify the aerobic microflora and antibiotic resistance profiles of dominant bacterial groups in the genital tract of repeat breeder cows that do not exhibit clinical signs of any genital system infections using conventional cultural methods.
METHODS: The study material comprised 32 repeat breeder cows of Holstein breed aged between four and nine years (with three or more inseminations). Specimens were collected by sterile swab. The collected swab samples were taken into tubes with Fluid Thioglycollate Medium and delivered to the laboratory under cold chain conditions. Specimens for bacteriological examination were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. After the end of incubation, isolation and identification of colonies growing on EMB agar and blood agar medium were performed.
RESULTS: Bacteriological isolation and identification of genital canal samples revealed the isolation of 14 bacterial species mainly from the phylum Protobacteria, along with Firmicutes and Actinobacteria filaments. Among the isolated bacterial species, Escherichia coli (21.4%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (14.3%), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (11.9%), Staphylococcus sciuri (7.1%), Corynebacterium psuedodiphteriticum (7.1%), and Corynebacterium bovis (4.8%) were identified. In repeat breeder cows. Some of the isolated bacteria were associateted with subclinical endometritis leading to infertility in repeat breeder cows. Susceptibility of eight antibiotics against dominant bacterial groups and infertility-related bacteria were examined by antibiogram.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It was determined that bacterial isolations such as C. bovis and C. psuedodiphteriticum from the Actinobacteria phylum and S. sciuri and S. haemolyticus from the Firmicutes phylum in samples taken from cows identified as repeat breeders are as significant as E. coli from the Protobacteria phylum. Ceftiofur demonstrated 100% effectiveness against the predominant pathogen E. coli in the vaginal microbiome.

Chatbots are computer programs that simulate human speech using artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing (NLP) for conversation with people. After its beneficial results in various fields such as monitoring, surveillance, remote diagnosis and information provision of COVID-19, chatbots have started to be used more frequently for health purposes after the pandemic period. ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence chatbot launched as a prototype on November 30, 2022, and garnered attention for its detailed responses and articulate answers across many domains of knowledge. Trials and applications regarding the use of ChatGPT in many different areas became a trending topic in the first quarter of 2023, and the studies intensified on March 14, 2023, when ChatGPT-4 was released. The purpose of this study is to review studies which evaluate ChatGPT usage for health, healthcare management and policy fields. Although the use of AI and chatbots is not a novel subject in healthcare, ChatGPT’s reliability, wide coverage, multi-linguality and being largely free of charge made it outstanding. While there are many concerns about patient safety, data privacy and confidentiality, ChatGPT has been seen to contribute in many areas, such as health management, policy, public health, and health promotion. Studies conducted for the third version demonstrated that ChatGPT has been used for various mechanisms as decision support systems, administrative tools and public health agents. Research findings in a short period of time during the first phase of ChatGPT usage show that the newly established chatbot would also help increasing digital health literacy by its robustness and accuracy. ChatGPT also has promising potential for psychiatric and psychological support which other chatbots focus. ChatGPT is also anticipated to contribute to health management and policy research in the field of health management and policy research, which needs data analysis and forecasting from the clinical and hospital to the national and international levels.