OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to determine the presence of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. using the conventional cultural technique from neck skin, intestinal contents of slaughtered chickens, and water, feed samples of same flock taken at the farm level. C. jejuni strains obtained using conventional cultural techniques were confirmed using the PCR technique.
METHODS: 384 samples consisting of 160 chicken neck skin, 160 intestinal content, 32 feed, and 32 water samples were obtained from two different slaughterhouses in hot (May, June, July, August) and cold months (November, December, January, February). The enrichment based ISO (The International Organization for Standardization, 10272) method was used for the isolation and identification of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in all samples. Strains were verified by ceuE gene.
RESULTS: 248 (64.58%) of the 384 samples were found to be contaminated with thermophilic Campylobacter species. 138 (86.25%) of the 160 chicken neck skin, 106 (66.25%) of the intestinal content and 4 (12.5%) of the 32 water samples were contaminated with thermophilic Campylobacter species. Nothing was found in the analysis of feed. C. jejuni was the species of Campylobacter determined in 82 (51.25%) of the 138 neck skin samples, 122 (76.25%) of the 106 intestinal contents samples and three of the four sets of drinker samples. All the factors identified in the drinkers were isolated from bowl type ones and Campylobacter species could not be determined in none of the samples of nipple type watering system. C. jejuni was determined in 116 (% 60.42) of the samples in hot months and 91(% 47.40) in cold months of the 192 samples in total taken from each farm, 80 intestinal content, 80 neck, 16 water and 16 feed samples). Contamination rate for the samples taken in warmer months was 14.20% higher than in colder months and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.0021). 171 (82.00%) of the 207 C. jejuni strains defined by classical culture methods were also confirmed with PCR technique. 1220 thermophilic Campylobacter strains isolated from 384 samples in total and they were identified in 649 as C. jejuni, 515 as C. coli and 56 as C. lari according to ISO methods.
CONCLUSION: It was determined that C.jejuni contamination of chicken flocks in slaughter houses occurs during the processing. ceuE gene is found to be a good primer for confirmation of the presence of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in the strains. Data acquired from this study underlines that Campylobacter jejuni found in poultry meat is an important public health hazard.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, it was aimed to detect the effects of the synthetic pyrethroid insecticide tetramethrin on the serum proteins of albino mice (Mus musculus).
METHODS: The sublethal dosages (250 ve 500 mg/kg/day) of the tetramethrin was given to the 4-8-weeks mice by orally during 13 weeks. At the end of the study, blood was collected by the heart puncture and put into Durheim tubes and then left to coagulation at 20-25oC. Tubes were centrifuged (+4 oC) at 7000-7500 rpm for 15 minutes. Apprroximately 20-30 μl serum was collected. The analysis of the serum proteins was established by cellulose acetate electrophoresis assay.
RESULTS: At the end of the study, when the results of sublethal dosages of tetramethrin were compared with the results of the control group, the alteration of the amounts of albumin, α-globulin and, β-globulin was not statistically significant, but on the other hand, the decrease of the amount of γ-globulin in test group was statistically significant in compare with the control group.
CONCLUSION: It was found that tetramethrin causes a decrease on the amount of γ-globulin in mice. It was thought that the alteration of γ-globulin caused by this insecticide is spesifically critical impact upon humoral immunity.

OBJECTIVE: Ki 67 is a antibody which could be showed proliferation in the cells. High Kİ 67 expression of some tumors
have been more aggressive clinical progression, poor prognosis, more vascular invasion and more metastasis than Ki 67
negative tumors. In this study, it was aimed to determine the possibility of using Ki-67, which shows proliferation in serous
and mucinous ovarian tumors, as a tumor proliferation index and effect on prognosis.
METHODS: The correlation between Ki-67 and primary antibodies was examined in 51 cases, ages 17-82, which were in the
period 1996-2000 pathologically diagnosed, by the routine processes of the pathological preparates in streptoavidin-biotin
environment, to have serous and mucinous ovarian carcinomas. Pathologic determination was made Hematoxlene Eosine
painting after the routine preparing.
RESULTS: It were diagnosed as serous(n=29) and musinous(n=22) which was determined according to stage, grade and
lymph node involment. Ki 67 seropositivity was estabilished in 48 % (n=14) of serous and 68 % (n=15) of musinous tumors.
Ki 67 indexes were found 13,05 in serous and 22,2 in musinous ovarian tumors(p=0,072). There was no correlation between
tumour histology and Ki 67 indexes. Correlations between immunoreactivity of Ki-67 and the stage, grade and lymph node
metastasis in serous and mucinous ovarian carcinoma were determined. Ki-67 indexes were increased as tumor stage was
increased (p<0.001). However, no correlation was found between Ki-67 immunoreactivity, tumor grade and lymph node
involvement (p>0.05).
CONCLUSION: It was determined that as the stage of the serous and mucinous ovarian carcinomas are increased, Ki-
67 immunoreactivity and proliferation index are also increased. On the other hand, grade, lymph node involvement and
histological tumor type were not correlated with Ki-67 reactivity. As a result, Ki-67 can not be used as a sensitive tumor
proliferation index in serous and mucinous ovarian carcinomas. It isn’t found suitable that Ki 67 as proliferation marker in
ovarian serous and musinous tumors but It needs to more widely randomized study about this issue.

The genomics determines the whole functional and structural genes of an organism, investigates the control of gene interactions with each other and the environmental factors.Genomics is divided into two groups as functional and structural genomics. Structural genomics provides to reveal the genetic information of organisms by genetic and physical mapping and DNA base sequencing methods. The aim of functional genomics is to facilitate to understand the gene functions in terms of organisms by analyzing the gene expression, in terms of conformation, concentration and time on genome level. The proteome is the entire complement of total proteins including produced and expressed proteins by an organism in a particular time and place. The proteomics enlightens the structures, localizations, concentrations, post-translational modifications, cell and tissue functions and the interactions with the other proteins and macro molecules of all the proteins in a particular time and a place. The metabolomic is to determine the concentration of the small-molecule metabolites of lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, hormones and other cell components in cells, tissues and physiological liquids by using high efficient technology in a particular time. Genomics and proteomics give information about ‘what is happening’ while metabolomics investigates ‘what really happens’. Therefore, metabolomics is the best method for investigation of quantitative easurement, illness diagnosis or the effects of toxic agents on phenotype. Detailed information about proteomics and metabolomics is given in this review. Also, extensive information is given on The Human Genome Project and The Human Metabolom Project which help to reveal illness predispose and behaviours, our natural gifts, human genome decoding (determination of DNA base sequence).

According to data from the World Health Organization, nearly 3 million pesticide poisonings occur per year worldwide; 220,000 of these poisonings result in death.
Organophosphates, one of the most frequently used pesticides in recent years, lead to neurotoxicity by suppressing the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an enzyme that is associated with HDL in serum and provides the breakdown of active forms of organophosphates, oxons, by catalysing their hydrolysis reaction. Although recognized as the enzyme that hydrolyzes paraoxon, paraoxonase activity of PON1 is a bit weak. In studies carried out in recent years, it was observed that injection of purified PON1 protects against chlorpyrifos and diazinon but was not effective against parathion exposure. In order to be used as a prophylactic agent against organophosphate exposure, PON1’s catalytic efficiency has to be increased and the enzyme has to be obtained in adequate amounts. In recent years, using protein engineering methods, changes were made to some amino acids of PON1, these PON1 variants were expressed in bacterial systems at sufficient levels and increase in enzyme activity against some organophosphates were obtained. In this review, the role of PON1 in organophosphate metabolism and recent advances in the research intended for improving PON1 so that it can be used as an antidote in organophosphate poisonings have been mentioned.