INTRODUCTION: Various viral vectors have been developed in order to delivery genes to living cells. Sendai virus (SeV) vectors are powerful viral vectors due to their important properties suitable for gene delivery including transient gene expression, wide host cell specificity, low pathogenicity and strong immunogenicity. SeVs are highly used in molecular medicine with different purposes in gene therapy, vaccine technology and regenerative medicine.
METHODS: We investigated the gene delivery efficiency of SeV particles in various melanoma cell lines by using fluorescence microscope and confocal laser scanning microscope imaging techniques. A375, MDA-MB-435, G361 and WM115 cells have been transduced with SeV vectors expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) at different multiplicity of infections (MOI): 1, 3, and 9. GFP expression was monitored at 24 and 48 hours following transduction. Confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging was used to quantify gene delivery efficiencies.
RESULTS: Fluorescence microscopy imaging showed that SeV vectors have been shown to tranduce A375, MDA-MB-435, G361 and WM115 cells efficiently, at even low MOI concentration (MO: 1). GFP reporter gene activity started to be detected by 24 hours and peaked at 48 hours following viral transduction. At 24 hours, slight toxicity was observed following viral transduction in all cell lines; however, by 48 hours, cells recovered and proliferated resulting in efficient gene expression. According to the confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging, more than 80% of all cell lines expressed GFP 48 hours after viral transduction.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In conclusion, SeV vectors successfully transduced and expressed GFP reporter gene in various melanoma cell lines with high efficiency. This study discovered the use of SeV vectors in melanoma-originated cells and it can open up wide range of studies involving SeV vectors in cancer therapy and cellular reprogramming fields.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate attachment sites of ticks and demographic properties of patients in a Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) endemic region in Turkey.
METHODS: In 2009, 5089 patients with tick bites admitted to hospitals of Tokat province. A standard questionnaire, covering name, age, gender, job, date, living area, travel history of patients and additional notes, filled by health personals for each patient with the tick bite was evaluated. Attachment sites of ticks were separated into 9 groups as the abdomen, arms, axilla, back, chest, head and neck, hip, legs, and perineum, while ages of patients were separated into 5 groups as 0-9, 10-19, 20-39, 40-64 and ≥65.
RESULTS: The majority of ticks (n=1,051, 23.3%) were found on the legs of the patients. 20-39 year age group tick-infested were the highest proportion (n=1228, 27.24%), while 2,825 (62.67%) of patients were male, and 1,683 (37.33%) were female. In addition, it was determined that 2,740 (60.78%) of patients were living in rural, while 1,768 (39.22%) were living in urban areas. A total of 20 tick taxa were identified, comprising 6 genera: Argas (1 species), Dermacentor (2 species), Haemaphysalis (3 species and 1 subspecies), Hyalomma (4 species), Ixodes (5 species) and Rhipicephalus (4 species).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In the present study, attachment sites of ticks and the demographic properties of patients were evaluated for the first time in Tokat province, a CCHF endemic region. Argas vespertilionis and Ixodes gibbosus ticks were reported for the first time in Turkey on humans.

INTRODUCTION: Incorrect management of medical waste brings risk for health and environment. On the other hand the collection of medical wastes separate from other wastes and to make use of recyclable wastes are important in preventing economic loss in health institutions. The aim is to evaluate knowledge and attitude of health care workers in medical waste management.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a questionnaire in laboratory staff in Atatürk Education and Research Hospital. A total of 102 participant (laboratory specialists, nurses, laboratory technicians, emergency medical technicians, secretaries and cleaners) were included in the study. Data were collected using a face to face questionnaire. Amongst the total respondents 27.5% were males and 72.5% were females; 44.1% were below thirty years old and 55.9% were above 30.The questionnaire was used to assess their knowledge and awareness of medical waste.
RESULTS: The results show that almost all of the participants were aware of the different categories of the waste (infectious, sharps and packing waste) generated in their department. According to the findings nearly totally of responders practiced accurate color code to dispose the waste (red bag for collection of medical waste 99%, blue bag for recyclable waste 96.1% and black bag for domestic waste 96.1%).The least known parameter was proposed filling rate of medical waste bag (76.5%). About 95% of practitioner were aware of the international biohazard logo. 44.6% of men and 25% of the women who participated in the study have expressed their willingness to take training on medical waste management.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The study concluded that the awareness regarding medical waste management was satisfying among laboratory staff in our hospital. Thus, taking measures and carrying on training in accord with the Regulation on Control of Hazardous Wastes is recommended.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose in this research is to evaluate the attitudes of healthcare staff working in intensive care unit of state hospital of a province rendering service in East concerning hand hygiene.
METHODS: The research was conducted by means of applying a survey to healthcare personnel rendering patient care and treatment services in coronary, anesthesia and internal medicine intensive care clinics of a state hospital located in Eastern Anatolia Region. The universe of the research is comprised of 51 healthcare staff working in here and was conducted on the basis of voluntary participation with whole of the universe of the research (51 people) (Response rate: 100%). Survey form used in the research was developed by researchers in compliance with literature information. Data were evaluated in statistic packaged software.
RESULTS: Average age of the people attending the study is 31,66±7,34 (min: 18, max: 56) and 53,0% of them is woman and 54,9% is nurse. The method that they prefer most in hand washing is (at the rate of 68,6%) water and general soap and also it was determined that the frequency of hand washing was expressed as often at the rate of 84,3%. On the other hand, it was identified that 23,5% of the participants could not was their hands because of deficiency of material, 11,8% because of lack of time arising from intense work load, 7,8% because of occurrence of irritation in their hands.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It was detected hat the behavior of hand washing of the health staff working in intensive care unit of the state hospital where the research was carried out is not in terminal level and manner and on the other side physical conditions are not sufficient for this case. For this reason, it is significant that staff in state hospital rendering service in primary areas such as intensive care shall be subjected to on-the-job trainings with repetitive applications to maintain the health of both themselves and the individuals they render care service at an optimum level and to gain attitude of hand washing with scientific methods and in this sense, it is important to provide technical and adequate hardware tools to the hospital.

INTRODUCTION: In many countries, in recent years, home health care services gained an important development on service delivery and the Ministry of Health of Turkey also overemphasized and took remarkable steps in developing these services. As home health care services are delivered with a team work perception, both personnel qualifications and diversity of the services require to identify training needs of the staff and to fulfill such needs. In this study, it is aimed to identify the training needs of the home health care service staff of the provincial directorates of the Public Health Institution of Turkey and to be a resource for a more effective service delivery planning.
METHODS: The subjects of this study are the home health care services staff of the Public Health Institution of Turkey. A questionnaire is applied as a measuring tool to determine the training needs of the relevant personnel. The questionnaire was developed in accordance with the opinions of the units involved in coordination of home health care services and by scanning the literature. Questionnaire forms were delivered to the personnel involved in home health care services via e-mails. The universe of this study had been pre-determined as 1581 personnel and 1123 personnel (71% of the pre-determined universe) have supplied feedback.
RESULTS: 64.7% (727) of the participants are women and 35.3% (396) are men in this study. Majority of the participants consist of midwives, general practitioners, nurses and health officials. Participants are divided into two groups as physicians and non-physician health care providers, and especially basic concepts and legislation, general approach to palliative care patients, wound care, public health information system known as HSBS and information management system of examination known as MBYS and tracheostomy care topics are prior for both groups.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In Primary Health Care Services, providing sufficient and accurate health care services needed by patients without transferring them to another place is important for the treatment process. To supply home health care services more effectively, beside the fulfillment of the requirements of the work, it is primarily important to determine the training needs of the staff and train them. Equipping the staff with knowledge and skills related to the services they supply will be a facilitator for their work and increase their motivation.

SUMMARY:
Introduction: Pyogenic liver abscess (PKA) is rare diseaese, mortality decreased with drainage and appropriate antibiotic therapy.
Case: About 2 months ago sixty-year-old male patient has fever, fatigue, pain on the right upper quadrant and the patient with a preliminary diagnosis of the liver mass is admitted in General Surgery Clinic. The liver abscess was also found to be compatible with about 10 cm lesion in control ultrasonography. The patient was administered percutaneous drainage catheter.
Two weeks after. due to improvement of the overall situation, the patient was discharged on General Surgery Service. Due to the fever of patient in the house was referred to Infection Disease Policlinic.
Due to be right upper quadrant pain, fever, malaise, and anorexia, the patient was admitted to Infection Disease Clinic. The patient's physical examination, tenderness in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, drainage catheter on the right hypochondrial was available. Antibiotic therapy was started. Due to multilocular abscess in liver in imaging., 2. percutaneous catheter drainage was inserted to the patient. Clinical and laboratory findings improved patient was discharged to the outpatient with oral therapy.
Conclusion: The general approach and treatment options in pyogenic liver abscess in this case were examined

Nitric oxide (NO) is unique molecule involved in many intracellular or intercellular signaling pathways and its importance varies from cell to cell. It is demonstrated that heterogeneous regulating responses to various NO levels have been observed in in different types of tumors. Constitutively expressed NO plays an important role in drawing up the phenotype of tumor cells. The roles of NO in tumor growth cover the tumor penetration into the surrounding tissues to spread to remote areas and the development of the neovascularization to obtain the highest blood flow for the necessary resources. Generally, effects of NO at low concentrations considered as pro-tumoral. In very high concentrations of NO, it serves as a potent anti-tumor agent by inhibiting angiogenesis or inducing apoptosis and/or necrosis. While NOS activation is expected to show anti-tumor effect, it has been demonstrated that NO may increase the progression and propagation of cancer due to the effects on metastasis process. The effect of NO on metastasis is affected by different factors such as cell type, dose, the types of participating organs or the period in which NO involved in the tumor development. These different characteristic effects of NO expression are used therapeutically in many preclinical models of cancer in order to increase the inhibition of tumor growth and chemotherapy/ radiotherapy efficiency. These approaches are envisaged as new anticancer strategies.

Lung carcinoma is the most common cause of cancer-related death in men among other cancer types in last years. The most recent and significant step in the treatment of the disease is the determination of the human genome structure and understanding of tumor biology. Pharmacogenomics examines tumor-dependent gene mutations to determine in which patient the drug will be more effective. Personalized treatments that are specified directly to disease by using pharmacogenomics methods are applied to cure patients with minimum side effects. Also, determining sensitivity of drug against tumor by examining gene mutations in patients plays a crucial role in selection and outcome of treatment. Patient-specific pharmacogenetic applications in lung carcinoma treatment and their effects on prognostic of disease were reviewed in this study.