INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study is to measure people's perceptions, attitudes, and behavior regarding the New Coronavirus Pandemic and the process itself in our country, to examine social tendencies towards the pandemic, and to develop recommendations for policymakers based on the findings.
METHODS: According to the survey, 40 percent of the participants said their anxiety about death and dying has increased. In comparison, 51 percent reported that their anxiety about getting the virus has increased, and 79 percent stated that their anxiety about losing their loved ones has increased. Especially the existential anxiety of women, those in the lowest income group working in jobs that require close contact, is much higher than men. Strong social ties are an influential factor in alleviating people's anxiety.
RESULTS: Sixty-six percent of the respondents stated they feared that they will not be able to meet their basic needs in the future, and 58 percent reported that their income has decreased after the pandemic; only 14.80 percent stated that they find people to be generally trustworthy. As the variables of age, income, and education level decrease, so does trust. The findings reveal that the level of trust is lower among women than men. The percentage of those who see coronavirus as "a conspiracy of the great powers" is 56.5 percent in Turkey. Twenty-seven percent of the respondents reported that verbal violence, and 17 percent said physical violence has increased around them after the coronavirus. On the other hand, 11 percent stated that verbal violence, while 4 percent stated that physical violence against them has increased during the same period.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This research shows that existential anxiety in society increases as the duration of the pandemic increases. Over time the people have become tired. The pandemic has triggered some negative attitudes such as indifference, weariness, and denial, resulting in developing a type of come-what-may mood in some people. Those who have relatively strong social ties (high level of trust) and those who rely on state institutions cope more easily with the uncertainty and anxiety posed by the pandemic. Social policies to be followed by the state are of vital importance to reduce the economic and psycho-social problems of the society."

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to compare the results of Brucella Coombs gel test (BCGT) with Standart tube agglutination test (STA), Coombs anti-Brucella test (CAB), Brucellacapt test (CAPT) for the serological diagnosis of brucellosis
METHODS: A total of 180 blood samples, were included in the study and were simultaneously tested with STA, CAB, CAPT and BCGT. Results of the tests were evaluated in terms of diagnostic performance and Kappa coefficient.
RESULTS: When the tests were compared to CAB test, which is a reference method in the serological diagnosis of the brucellosis, in terms of diagnostic performance; the highest sensitivity (98.1%) and accuracy (98.9%) was found with BCGT. When tests were evaluated in terms of Kappa coefficient, BCGT had the highest value (0.796) and substantial agreement with CAB.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In conclusion, when compared with CAB, BCGT showed substantial agreement and highest sensitivity and accuracy. In addition, reduction of the period for test results and elimination of the need for experienced staff makes this test superior to other methods. Although BCGT seems to replace other tests in the serological diagnosis of brucellosis, its sensitivity and specificity should be put forward in culture-confirmed cases and controls with a comprehensive study.

INTRODUCTION: Hand washing is not only the simplest universal method to prevent healthcare related infections, it is also very important for the protection and development of general public health. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the hand washing habits and load of microorganisms in the hands of healthcare professionals and non-healthcare participants, so to raise the awareness in terms of hand hygiene.
METHODS: The study group consisted of patients and their relatives over 18 years of age, medical staff and medical school students. A questionnaire consisting of 17 questions regarding their personal characteristics and hand washing habits were applied to all participants. Swab samples were taken by sterile swabs from 1 cm2 areas of four different regions of the hands that were predominantly used by the participants, and were inoculated on blood agar plates and evaluated after 48 hours of incubation.
RESULTS: A total of 194 participants were reached, including 77 patients/patient relatives, 85 medical staff and 32 medical school students. A hundred and thirty-five of the participants were women and 59 were men. Bacteria that are members of normal skin flora (coagulase negative staphylococci, viridans streptococci, coryneform bacteria, micrococci) were isolated from almost all samples and more than 100 CFU bacterial load was detected in 53 participants. In 59 (30.4%) participants, microorganisms not included in normal skin flora (Gram negative enteric bacteria, Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, mold and yeast fungi) were isolated. The proportion of these was calculated as 23% in patient/patient relatives, 33% in medical staff and 41% in students (p> 0.05). Women had a significantly lower bacterial load than men, 40-49 age group had a significantly lower bacterial load than participants over 60, and intensive care unit staff had a significantly lower bacterial load than patient/patient relatives and medical staff other than intensive care unit. Some hand washing habits of the participants were evaluated by scoring; 2 points before eating, 1 after eating, 1 before restroom, 2 after restroom, 2 after money contact, 2 when entering home from outside. As the hand washing score increased, the bacterial load on the hands decreased, but it was not statistically significant. It was observed that factors such as smoking, long nails, liquid/solid soap, paper/fabric towel, having a pet did not affect the microorganism load on the hands. The presence of any wound/lesion, prolonged time after hand washing and use of moisturizer were found associated with increased load.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Being aware of the importance of hand hygiene in the community and especially among healthcare professionals is extremely important for the correct application of hand washing practices. In this study, it was aimed to emphasize the importance of hand washing by demonstrating the microorganism load on hands with the hand washing habits in a group of hospital related participants.

INTRODUCTION: Enterococci are one of the most commonly detected agents in community and hospital-acquired infections. Urinary tract infections are the most common form of enterococcal infections. Because enterococci are characterized by natural and acquired resistance to numerous antibiotics, there are serious problems in the treatment of infections caused by these bacteria. In our study, we aimed to determine the resistance rates of enterococcal strains isolated from urine samples to various antibiotics within one year.
METHODS: 300 enterococci strains isolated from urine samples sent to Samsun Training and Research Hospital Microbiology Laboratory between January and December 2018 from various services and polyclinics were included in the study. The identification of bacteria and their antibiotic susceptibility were made using the VITEK 2 system (BioMérieux, France) and conventional methods. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of isolates with vancomycin resistance were determined by using the E-test (BioMerieux, France). Sensitivity results were determined based on European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) criteria.
RESULTS: : Of the isolated 300 strains, 185 (61.6%) were identified as Enterococcus faecalis, 80 (26.6%) were Enterococcus faecium, 30 (10.0%) were Enterococcus spp., 4 (1.3%) were Enterococcus gallinorum and 1 (0.3%) was Enterococcus raffinosus. 174 (58%) of the 300 patients whose strains were isolated were female and 126 (42%) were male. Of the 238 isolates isolated from inpatients, 40% were isolated from the intensive care unit, 28% from surgical clinics, 14% from internal clinics, and 18% from the palliative clinic. For strains isolated from polyclinic patients, the rates are as follows: 13% from emergency clinics, 16% from internal diseases, and 67% from surgical polyclinics. Antibiotic resistance rates of E. faecalis and E. faecium is determined as 8.1% and 95% for ampicillin, 44.8% and 93.7% for ciprofloxacin, 0.5% and 18.7% for vancomycin, 0.5% and 18.7% for teicoplanin, 0% and 2.5% for linezolid, 0% and 1.25% for tigecycline, and 35.6% and 60% for high-level gentamycin respectively. Antibiotic resistance rates of 30 isolates defined as Enterococcus spp using conventional methods were determined as 33.8% for ampicillin, 73.3% for ciprofloxacin, 10% for vancomycin, 10% for teicoplanin, and 40% for high-level gentamicin.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: High resistance to ciprofloxacin, vancomycin and teicoplanin in enterococci isolated in our hospital limits the use of these antibiotics. Inappropriate use of antibiotics may increase vancomycin-resistant enterococcal colonization, leading to nosocomial infections.

INTRODUCTION: Determining the changes in the apoptosis process in cells can provide important information for new treatment and drug research. Apoptotic cells undergo a series of subcellular changes that lead to cell shrinkage and fragmentation. Determining these early changes in the apoptotic process depending on time may provide a new perspective to cell culture studies. The aim of this study is to develop a method in which early spectral changes occurring in the apoptosis process of melanoma cells can be determined depending on time.
METHODS: In this study, epoxomicin (Epo) was used to induce apoptosis in A375 melanoma cell line and apoptotic dose was determined by MTT method. In order to evaluate the early apoptotic process in a time-dependent manner, measurements were made at five different time points (0.5-6 hours) with a fixed Epo dose. DCFH-DA method was used to measure ROS, which is the most important stimulus of apoptosis. Bax amount was determined by Western Blot technique. Spectroscopic measurements were made with a back-reflection spectroscopy experiment setup consisting of spectrometer, tungsten-halogen light source and fiber optic probe. Apoptosis index values were determined from spectra.
RESULTS: Early spectral changes were determined with the spectra measured in the apoptosis time of melanoma cells. A significant difference was found in ROS measurements at 2, 4 and 6 hours compared to control. Cell viability was found to be 70% lower than control at 75 and 100 nM Epo doses after 24 hours. Time-dependent Bax levels were found to increase in all Epo groups as an indicator of apoptosis. Spectroscopic apoptosis index value was found to be compatible with ROS and Bax results at all groups.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: A new approach has been presented in which spectral changes occurring in the early stage of the apoptosis process in cell culture can be determined by back reflection spectroscopy. This approach has the potential to be developed in cell culture studies as a method that can monitor apoptosis over time without interfering with cell culture conditions.

INTRODUCTION: Two standard guidelines are commonly used worldwide. In our country CLSI guidelines have been used up to recent years, but currently, a transition to EUCAST standards has begun in many centers. In this study the effect of transition from CLSI guideline to EUCAST guideline on antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) reports in a high prevalence region for antibiotic resistance was investigated.
METHODS: Non-duplicated 5003 isolates (1902 Enterobacteriaceae, 1261 Acinetobacter baumannii, 697 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 424 Staphylococcus aureus, 336 Enterococcus faecalis, 257 Enterococcus faecium, and 126 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) isolated from the samples sent from intensive care units (ICUs) were included in the study. The identifications of the microorganisms were performed with Bruker Microflex MS (Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany) system, and their AST were evaluated with Phoenix automated system (BD, Sparks, MD, USA). The MIC values were interpreted according to the breakpoints indicated in CLSI and EUCAST guidelines.
RESULTS: The highest resistance increase among Enterobacteriacea was seen to beta lactam/ beta- lactamase inhibitor combinations, followed by cephalosporins, quinolones and aminoglycosides. ESBL positive Enterobacteriaceae isolates were found more resistant to cephalosporins. The resistance rates of A. baumanii and P. aeruginosa seemed increased for quinolones, aminoglycosides and cephalosporins, however colistin resistance remained unchanged. All Gram-negative bacilli included in the study had decreased resistance rates for imipenem and meropenem. Similarly, S. maltophilia isolates had a decreased resistance rate for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. While methicillin resistance rate did not change for S. aureus, minor changes were encountered for other antibiotic groups. There is no categorical changes observed at the susceptibility of enterococci to ampicillin, vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Transition to EUCAST guideline in our hospital did not affect AST results of Gram- positive bacteria isolated from the patients in ICU. However, higher resistance rates were observed for all antibiotic groups except carbapenems in Gram- negative bacteria. As a result, following the current epidemiological data according to the standard used is of great importance in terms of determining the appropriate treatment.

INTRODUCTION: Toxoplasma gondii is an important agent responsible for many hormonal and behavioral disorders in humans. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that ‘T.gondii infection interferes with thyroid hormones secretion or thyroid drug treatment.
METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study that involved 249 patients suffering from thyroid dysfunctions, divided into 3 groups: hypothyroidism (n=107), hyperthyroidism (n=96), and drug-controlled thyroid disorders (n=91), referred to Seyedoshohada Kerman private clinic. Serum samples were tested for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) along with Toxoplasma anti-IgG using ELISA technique. Demographic information was collected using a demographic sheet..
RESULTS: The seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies among patients with hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and drug-controlled thyroid disorders was 22.4%, 19.8%, and 22% respectively. The mean value of thyroid hormones of positive T. gondii samples in hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and drug-controlled thyroid disorders was TSH=7.95, T3=1.12, T4=2.36; TSH=0.14, T3=1.42, T4=7.85; and TSH=2.75, T3=1.12, T4=1.45 respectively. The seropositivity of Toxoplasma gondii infection was 40.4% among individuals with a history of contact with pets and 26.3% among the rural dwellers.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference between T.gondii infection among the three study groups. A comparison of serum levels of thyroid hormones between infected and non-infected individuals in the above-mentioned groups illustrated that latent toxoplasmosis wasn’t significantly associated with thyroid hormones secretion. Also, contact with pets and the rural lifestyle has a positive association with T.gondii seroprevalence.

INTRODUCTION: The rapid development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics is one of the most recent threats to human health. Understanding the metabolism of pathogens is essential to gain insights into the adaptation strategies that are required to deal with the host environment during infection and to identify new drug targets. In recent years omics technologies have offered new routes to understand adaptation and resistance mechanisms of pathogens against antibiotics at molecular level. In present work, we analyzed the metabolic response of Escherichia coli (E. coli) during treatment with enoxacin to identify metabolic adapdation processes.
METHODS: Gas chromatography/Mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) based metabolomics approach was used for metabolomics analysis. Metabolites were extracted using methanol: water co-solvent system. After derivatization process, Metabolites separated in GC column and analyzed in MS. MS-DIAL metabolomics and lipidomics platform was performed to analyze raw GC/MS data. Metabolites were identified with retention index database and quantified relatively between control and enoxacin-treated groups. Statistically significant altered metabolites were investigated via pathway enrichment analysis.
RESULTS: Metabolite profile of control and enoxacin-treated groups were compared to observe cellular adaptation against the antibiotic stress. Principal component analysis of GC/MS results showed that there was a dramatic shift at general metabolome structure under antibiotic stress. We identified 92 metabolites and statistical analysis indicated 36 metabolites altered significantly between experimental groups. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that amino acid biosynthesis, glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, Aminoacyl-tRNA metabolism, purine metabolism, galactose metabolism was induced in E. coli exposed to subinhibitory concentration of enoxacin.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In present study, we investigated metabolic adapdation of E. coli against enoxacin-induced stress. Our findings may contribute to current literature to expand the understanding of bacteria-antibiotic interactions at metabolome level.

INTRODUCTION: Vaccination is one of the most effective public health practices in preventing and controlling infectious diseases. Vaccine instability is a rapidly increasing risk for our country as well as for the whole world. There is a strong relationship between physicians' attitudes towards vaccines and their recommendations for vaccines to their patients. Determining the acceptance of the vaccine, which is at the forefront during the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic by physicians who are role models for the society with their attitudes and behaviors, will guide the vaccination studies to be carried out. In this study, it was aimed to examine the knowledge and thoughts of medical faculty students in our country about vaccination, immunization, vaccine instability and COVID-19 vaccine.
METHODS: In this descriptive study, between December 2020-January 2021, it is aimed to reach the medical students members of “33 Student Societies” (FMO, Faculty Member Organization) affiliated to the European Medical Students' Association (EMSA) in Turkey and students studying at medical faculties in our country through members. The data were collected through an online questionnaire. 1015 students participated in the study.
RESULTS: 64.7% of the participants in the study are women. The average age is 21.2 ± 2.5 years. 86.4% of the participants state that vaccine instability in our country has increased. It is thought that the negative statements about vaccines in the media are the most important reason for this situation. It is stated that it is important to educate parents in order to prevent / reduce vaccine instability. When 53.4% of the participants are informed that the COVID-19 vaccine is suitable for use by the Ministry of Health, they indicated "I will not do it immediately, I wait." as the answer.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It is thought that the number of vaccine instabilities in our country is increasing and this will cause an increase in epidemics. It is important to increase the knowledge and awareness of medical faculty students, who are role models for the society, about vaccines, immunization and vaccine hesitation from the beginning of the faculty.

INTRODUCTION: Gluten-free products, despite their increasing popularity, energy and macronutrient contents are unknown. Therefore, this study aims to compare gluten-free products with their gluten containing counterparts on energy, macronutrients (carbohydrate, added sugar, total fat, saturated fat, dietary fiber, protein) and prices.
METHODS: In this study, 129 gluten-free (GF) and 304 similar gluten-containing (GC) products are bought from five hypermarkets in which located in Ankara, the capital city of Turkey to analyze their contents of energy, macronutrients, and prices based on their label information. The products were evaluated in eight subgroups: bread, pasta, flour, breakfast cereals, processed meat products, snack bars, sweet biscuitscookies-cakes, crackers-salty crispies. The comparisons between groups performed using SPSS software.
RESULTS: In this study, gluten-free foods in bread, pasta, flour, biscuits-cookies-cakes, and crackers-salty crispies products are found to contain less protein than gluten containing products (p<0.05). Besides, compared to their GC counterparts, GF bread contains more total fat, and GF flours contain more carbohydrates (p<0.05). GF pasta contains less fiber and more carbohydrate than GC equivalents (p<0.05). Gluten-free sweet biscuits-cookies-cakes group has more added sugar than gluten-containing counterparts (p<0.05). Gluten free snack products were found to contain more total fat, less fiber than counterparts. The gluten-free product groups except for processed meat products were more expensive than gluten-containing product groups (p<0.001).

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Despite the variations of food groups, gluten-free products are not nutritionally superior for healthy people because of their high carbohydrate, high total fat, low protein, and low dietary fiber contents. In addition, the high prices of GF products should also be considered. As a conclusion that recommending gluten-free products to healthy individuals will not provide additional benefits.

INTRODUCTION: Parvoviruses have been shown to exist in sheep since 1987. To this date there are only three reports pertaining to the existence parvoviruses in sheep. The first reported parvovirus study did not provide genomic information whereas the latter two belonged to the tetraparvovirus and copiparvovirus genera. This study focused on discovering the possible reasons of encephalitis and anemia in a dead sheep whose tissue samples were submitted to our laboratory.
METHODS: In the present study next-generation sequencing (NGS) was utilized. Nextera™ XT Sample Preparation Kit was used to generate a library for Illumina MiSeq using dual barcoding. An in-house pipeline was used for analyzing raw data generated from Miseq. Several software were used to create in house-pipeline to trim sequences and de novo assembly. For the alignment genome and phylogenetic tree Geneious and MEGA X software were used.
RESULTS: A novel ovine chaphamaparvovirus and pestivirus D both were characterized simultaneously. Although chaphamaparvoviruses had had been reported in various animals, this is the first time they have been reported in sheep. PCR analyses confirmed the presence of chaphamaparvovirus in multiple tissues. The partial nonstructural protein (NS1) and the complete capsid proteins (VP1) protein sequences displayed the closest amino acid identity of 49% and 69%, respectively, to the proteins of a non-human primate chapparvovirus from Macaca fascicularis.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This ovine parvovirus is the fourth parvovirus and the first chaphamaparvovirus reported in sheep. Both chaphamaparvovirus and pestivirus were shown to co-exist simultaneously in sheep. The role of this dual virus infection in the disease signs of this sheep remains to be determined. This study will shed light on future chaphamaparvovirus studies in sheep.

INTRODUCTION: This study was carried out to determine the antimicrobial resistance and the production status of ESBL, carbapenemase in community-acquired Enterobacterales members obtained from food industry workers.
METHODS: Hand swab samples of food workers (n: 300) working in hospitals (n: 9) and food businesses (n: 17) in Çanakkale city center and districts were taken into Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHI) medium. Inoculum was inoculated into EMB medium after 24 hours of incubation at 37oC. Classical identification and MALDI-TOF MS method were used to identify bacteria. Disk diffusion and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods were applied to measure resistance against cefotaxime, ceftazidime, meropenem and ertapenem antibiotics and were evaluated according to EUCAST 2020. ESBL and carbapenemase phenotypic confirmation tests were performed according to the screening test results. The CTX-M gene was investigated in ESBL positive isolates using the PCR method.
RESULTS: Distribution of 222 gram-negative bacteria on the basis of species; 129 (58.1%) Klebsiella pneumoniae, 32 (14.4%) Enterobacter cloacae, 31 (13.9%) Acinetobacter baumannii, 11 (4.9%) Escherichia coli, 8 (3.6%) Enterobacter asburiae, 4 (1.8%) Escherichia hermanni, 3 ( 1.4%) Enterobacter aerogenes, 2 (0.9%) Klebsiella oxytoca, 2 (0.9%) Enterobacter cancerogenus. It was determined that 7 (3.7%) of the Enterobacterales members (n: 191) were resistant to cefotaxime (<17mm) according to clinical limit values. According to the combined disc and double disc synergy test results of 13 isolates whose cefotaxime inhibition diameter was detected below the ESBL screening limit value, 2 bacteria (K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae) were found to be ESBL positive. According to the PCR method, it was determined that the K. pneumoniae isolate carried the CTX-M gene and was isolated from a food worker in the hospital. No carbapenem resistance was found in any of the Enterobacterales strains and A. baumannii isolates. Meropenem MIC values of 46 Enterobacterales species with a meropenem inhibition zone diameter smaller than 28 mm were found between 8mg / L and 0.125 mg / L. Combination disc test was applied to 2 isolates whose diameter was below the carbapenemase screening limit (<25mm) and accordingly it was found that they were carbapenemase negative.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The low rate of resistant bacteria hand carriers in the community (3.7%), the very low ESBL positivity of the community-acquired isolates (1.04%), and the absence of carbapenemase positivity suggest that antibiotic resistant isolates are low in food workers. The detection of gram-negative bacteria in this number of food workers made us think that hygiene training should be given importance.

INTRODUCTION: Enterococcus spp. are widely found in enviroment and can cause diseases. Although the factors that explain its virulence have not yet been fully clarified, enterococcal surface protein (esp) has been associated with the ability of biofilm formation in both Enterococcus faecalis and the Enterococcus faecium. In our study, it was aimed to determine the vancomycin resistance status of E. faecalis and E. faecium species and to investigate the presence of esp gene which is thought to be related of with polymerase chain reaction and biofilm formation capacity by phenotypic methods.
METHODS: A total of 170 Enterococcus spp. (E. faecalis n = 85, E. faecium n = 85) isolates that were isolated from blood culture were included in the study. Species identification was performed using conventional and automated methods. Vancomycin susceptibilities of isolates were determined by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Biofilm formation was evaluated phenotypically by using Tube and Microtitration plate methods. In all isolates, the presence of esp gene which is associated biofilms was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.
RESULTS: When the vancomycin susceptibilities of the strains included in the study were examined, it was found that 14 of the E. faecalis isolates (16.5%) were moderately susceptible and 1 of them was (1.2%) resistant. And 29 (34.1%) of E. faecium isolates were found to be resistant. It was determined that 5 strains (5.9%) were formed biofilm by tube method. By microtiter plate method, 27 (31.8%) tested strains were determined positive for biofilm formation. The 5 isolates which were positive by tube method also found positive by microtiter plate method. All strains that were positive in both phenotypic methods were found to be E. faecalis. And 49 (57.6%) E. faecalis and 20 (23.5%) E. faecium strains were found positive esp. When the genotypic method was compared with phenotypic methods, 24 isolates which were found positive by microtiter plate method and 5 isolates which were found positive by tube method, were found positive for esp gene.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: According to these results, E. faecalis isolates are thought to have higher biofilm formation capacity than E. faecium. Furthermore, it is thought that the esp gene may be related to biofilm formation but the presence of esp alone is not sufficient for biofilm formation. New and comprehensive studies on the subject will be able to provide new and useful data on the role of biofilm formation in the virulence of enterococci.

INTRODUCTION: Because severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which produces pandemic pneumonia and has a more fatal course than seasonal flu, has no effective treatment, protection against secondary infections is essential in preventing disease-related mortality. The study's goal is to prove a link between seasonal Influenza A-B and SARS-CoV-2 co-infections in the winter, when respiratory tract illnesses are widespread.
METHODS: This study was designed retrospective. After ethic commitee approval; 515 patients with cold symptoms between November 2, 2020 and February 17, 2021 were included in study. Influenza Antigen Card Plus was used for the detection of influenza. In the PCR test for SARS-CoV-2, swab samples taken from both the mouth and nose were studied in the CFX96 Real time PCR device. Patients were divided into groups according to whether the Influenza A-B and COVID-19 PCR tests were positive or negative. The relationship between influenza A-B positivity and SARS-CoV-2 positivity was investigated.
RESULTS: The female / male ratio in the 515 patients included in the research was %60.7/%39.2. Influenza positivity was found 55.2% in women and 44.5% in men. Influenza-A was revealed to be the most prevalent influenza subtype. Influenza and COVID-19 coinfection was detected in 33.1% of the cases. Influenza-A was positive in 29.9% and Influenza B was positive in %10.1 of the patients with positive COVID-19 RT-PCR test.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: We have experienced that it can be seen as a coinfection with SARS-CoV-2, as well as the occurrence of Influenza alone during the flu season. Although the pandemic appears to be speeding up at times owing to changes in isolation measures, the impact of influenza, other respiratory tract diseases, and coinfection on the disease's progression is unknown, and further study is needed.

INTRODUCTION: Despite extensive research efforts, there is no proven effective treatment to prevent early brain damage (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Heparin is a pleiotropic drug that antagonizes many pathophysiological mechanisms. In this study, we evaluated whether heparin prevents early brain damage (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).
METHODS: SAH was induced by endovascular perforation in mice and animals devided into 6 groups; Control (n = 8), SAH (n = 12), SAH + 10U UFH (n = 11), SAH + 40U UFH (n = 13), SAH + 4U dalteparin (n = 11) and SAK + 16U dalteparin (n = 14). Subarachnoid hemorrhage severity, mortality, neurological score and brain water content were evaluated at 24 hours after SAH.
RESULTS: It was found that low-dose unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low-dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) decreased brain water content, improved neurological score and did not increase subarachnoid hemorrhage amount in the early period of SAH. It was observed that it decreased mortality numerically, however it was not observed statistically superioriority to each other. It has been shown that high-dose unfractionated heparin (UFH) or high-dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) inhibits the neuroprotective effects, creating a tendency to increase subarachnoid hemorrhage and increase brain damage by activating other mechanisms.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Low-dose unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low-dose low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) treatment in the early period after SAH may reduce early brain injury and clinically imply that it may be effective for the early prevention of secondary brain injury after acute aneurysm rupture.

The Caucasian Front, which is called the Eastern Front, is one of the biggest defeats in Ottoman history, and it is a front where we lost most of our soldiers in the 3rd Army before fighting with the Russian army and where the cold and epidemic disease are our main enemies.
Typhus disease is defined as the terrible disaster of war periods, invaded the 3rd Army in the Caucasus Front during the Sarıkamış Operation, which lasted 18 days during the World War I (22 December 1914 - 9 January 1915), and made the general massacre that the enemy could not succeed, caused much more soldier and civilian casualties than the war, and took its place in history as a disaster in the history of war.
While being driven to war on the Caucasian Front, preparations were extremely inadequate. While the sanitary service and organization was the most important point to focus on, in this important struggle, which was entered under extremely difficult conditions in the middle of the severe winter, the sanitary equipment was completely neglected.
The offensive operation launched in December 1914 by the order of Enver Pasha ended unsuccessfully, most of the soldiers who took action under the harsh winter conditions succumbed to hunger and cold, and the rest of them were destroyed by the "Typhus disease", which was an epidemic in the army. All these unfortunate circumstances came together and resulted in the loss of too many soldiers in the 3rd Army, even at the beginning of the war.
The consequences of the Sarıkamış disaster were felt by the country, the army and in the front for a long time. Dr. Tevfik Sağlam, appointed as the head of the aid in the 3rd army at the age of 32 and worked at this position for 3 years and a half, started the first typhus vaccine applications in Erzurum (Hasankale) by creating miracles in health services and concluding that the disease they could not diagnose when they encountered in Yemen before was 'Typhus' and prevented even greater disasters that may occur with the 'Typhus epidemic'.
While our fight against the Covid-19 pandemic continued in today's possibilities are continuing, we once again commemorate our Turkish physicians who managed to defeat the typhus epidemic a century ago despite war, poverty and cold.